IT IS MIS

When people hear the term “Fourth Industry,” they often assume it is simply the next step after the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors—meaning agriculture and fisheries (the first), manufacturing (the second), and services (the third). But the reality is not so straightforward. First, let’s look at these existing divisions. The primary industry involves extracting resources directly from nature, like farming or fishing. The secondary industry transforms those resources into goods in factories. The tertiary industry transports, sells, and adds value through intangible services such as finance, healthcare, or tourism. This is a classification based on the nature of economic activity. So where does the so-called “Fourth Industry” fit? People tend to associate it with cutting-edge technologies—robots, artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things. However, the fourth industry is not simply a new category alongside the previous three. Strictly speaking, it refers...

The history of industrial revolutions is, in essence, the history of how energy and information have been harnessed and transformed. Each turning point in this journey has been marked by the rise of a new principle that reshaped the foundation of society. The First Industrial Revolution: Steam and Mechanization The First Industrial Revolution opened with the advent of the steam engine. Steam, generated from burning coal, drove spinning machines and locomotives. The center of production shifted from the hands of farmers in rural fields to machines in growing cities. For the first time, humans began to overcome the limits of nature through technology. The Second Industrial Revolution: Electricity and Mass Production The Second Industrial Revolution saw electricity take center stage. With stable power grids, electric motors became the new standard for industry. Factories were reorganized for efficiency; the assembly line maximized productivity. Division of labor, standardi...